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Primary EW activities have been developed over time to exploit the opportunities and vulnerabilities that are inherent in the physics of EM energy.

Subsequently, NATO has issued EW policy and doctrine and is addressing the other NATO defense lines of development. Besides EW, other EM operations include intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR), and signals intelligence (SIGINT). The use of the traditional NATO EW terms, electronic countermeasures (ECM), electronic protective measures (EPM), and electronic support measures (ESM) has been retained as they contribute to and support electronic attack (EA), electronic defense (ED) and electronic surveillance (ES). For example, an electronic attack (EA) is offensive use of EM energy, electronic defense (ED), and electronic surveillance (ES). NATO has adopted simplified language which parallels those used in other warfighting environments like maritime, land, and air/space. In NATO, EW is considered to be warfare in the EME. A military committee conceptual document from 2007, MCM_01 Military Committee Transformation Concept for Future NATO Electronic Warfare, recognised the EME as an operational maneuver space and warfighting environment/domain. NATO has a different and arguably more encompassing and comprehensive approach to EW. Within the information operations construct, EW is an element of information warfare more specifically, it is an element of offensive and defensive counterinformation. The recognized need for military forces to have unimpeded access to and use of the electromagnetic environment creates vulnerabilities and opportunities for electronic warfare in support of military operations. The electromagnetic spectrum portion of the information environment is referred to as the electromagnetic environment (EME). Military operations are executed in an information environment increasingly complicated by the electromagnetic spectrum.

Electromagnetic warfare can be applied from air, sea, land, or space by crewed and uncrewed systems, and can target communication, radar, or other military and civilian assets. The purpose of electromagnetic warfare is to deny the opponent the advantage of-and ensure friendly unimpeded access to-the EM spectrum. Electromagnetic warfare or electronic warfare ( EW) is warfare involving the use of the electromagnetic spectrum (EM spectrum) or directed energy to control the spectrum, attack an enemy, or impede enemy operations.

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